in an iPod World

생각의 차이

얼마전 필라델피아지역 선관위 위원 선거에 나선 민주당 후보와 만나서 점심을 먹었다. 수학을 공부한 그녀는 민주당 후보경천과정에서 기존 민주당 지도부가 지원하는 기성 후보를 누르고 등장한 이른바 장외권 후보이다. 만나자 마자 이야기를 털어놓는다. 미국의 민주정치는 본래 동네에서 시작하는 정치였다고. 각 동네에서 대표를 뽑고, 그 대표들이 모여서 지역의 대표를 뽑고, 그리고 그렇게 해서 나라 전체의 대표를 뽑는 그런 시스템이였다고. 흔히 알고 있는 representative democracy였다는 이야기다. 그런데, 언제가 부터, 정당시스템이 제도화되면서 부터 정치는 전문가들이 하는 것으로 바뀌었다는 것이다. 지역의 대표들이 모여서 전체 나라의 대표를 뽑는 것이 아니라, 거꾸로 중앙당에서 전문가들이 선택하는 전문정치인들이 지역에 내려와서 선거를 하는 모양으로 바뀌었다는 것이다. 그녀는 트위터와 소셜미디어를 이용해서 그런 정치의 문화를 바꾸고 싶다고 했다. 민주당원이 90%가 넘는 필라델피아에서 그녀의 당선은 이미 확정된 것이나 마찬가지이다. 그래서, 자신이 당선이 되면 젊은층들에게 더 적극적으로 투표에 참가할 수 있는 그런 소셜미디어를 이용한 캠페인을 하고 싶다고 도와달라고 했다.

그래서 나는 이렇게 말했다. "당신의 문제는 광고의 문제도, PR 캠페인의 문제도 아닙니다. 문제는 당신이 팔려고 하는 상품입니다." 그러자, 자기는 물건을 파는 사람이 아니라고 했다. 그래서, "당신의 상품은 "투표"입니다. 그리고 그 투표라고 하는 상품을 파는 Chief Marketing Officer의 자리가 바로 당신의 자리입니다. 시민들은 당신의 제품을 자신들의 발로 삽니다"라고 말했다. "당신이 가지고 있는 도전은 새로운 마아케팅 캠페인이 아닙니다. 왜냐하면 시민들은 자신들의 필요를 채워주는 다른 제품을 찾았기 때문입니다. 그것은 Wall Street Occupying 또는 Tea party 같은 것으로 생각하면 됩니다"라고 얘기해줬다. 그러자 자신이 당선이 확정되면 투표라는 제품을 다시 디자인하고 싶다고 하면서 도와달라고 한다. 이런 사람이 정치인으로 나서는 이 사회… 그리고 다음 세대를 어떻게 해서든 감동시켜서 시민으로서의 정치과정에 참여를 끌어내려고 하는 이런 사람이 선관위 위원으로 나서는 한, 아직도 소망이 있다는 생각을 했다.

….

어제 서울에서 시장 보궐 선거가 있었다. 각설하고, 선관위가 소셜미디어로 투표를 권유하면 특정후보의 지지로 해석을 해서 선거권 위반 혐의로 잡아넣겠다고 했다고 한다. 휴~우. 가슴이 답답하다. 어째 이럴까?

그런데, 많은 시민들이 특히 주의하라고 경고받은 사람들이 기발한 모습의 인증샷을 올렸다고 한다. 아~ 가슴이 시원하다.

….

왜 한국에서는 스티브 쟙스같은 사람들이 안나오냐고 묻는다. 그래서 스티브 쟙스를 대량생산해 내는 대학프로그램을 신설한다고 한다. 애플을 따라잡기 위해서 정부에서 투자를 해서 삼성과 LG이 국산 모바일 운영체계를 만들어 내야된다고 한다. 소셜미디어로 투표를 권유하면 잡아넣겠다고 하는 사람들의 생각이다.

그렇게 잡아넣는다고 하니까, "닥치고 투표"라고 하면서 더 인증샷을 올린다. 스티브 쟙스같은 사람은 그런데서 나온다.

….

소셜미디어는 결코 단순히 기술이 아니다. 아니, 모든 기술은 단순히 기술로 이해할 수 없다. 기술은 그 기술을 근간이 되는 철학과 세계관을 가지고 있다. 기술은 그 기술을 만든 사람의 정치와 문화에 대한 표현이다. 세상은 이렇게 되어야 한다고 하는 그런 표현이다. 예술가는 붓으로, 음악가는 콩나물 대가리로, 소설가는 글로. 그리고 엔지니어는 기술로 자신의 생각을 표현한다.

소셜미디어, 더 폭넓게 디지털 기술이라고 하는 기술로 돈은 벌고 경제는 발전시키고 싶은데, 그걸로 정치에 사용을 하면 안된다. 아마, 그렇게 되기는 힘들지 싶다. 이제 20대에서 30대에서 들어서는 세대는 PC가 있는 세상에 태어난 첫번째 세대이다. 그들에게 있어서, 소셜미디어로 대표되어지는 디지털 기술적인 생각은 그들의 생각의 틀의 근간이다. 그와 같은 생각의 틀은 과거 토목사업으로 부를 창출하던 아날로그 생각과는 근본적으로 차이가 있다.

오늘 서울 시장 선거의 결과를 보면서 기분이 좋은 것은 어떤 특정 후보가 이기고 져서라기 보다는, 그런 디지털 시대의 생각이 점점 자리를 잡는 것 같아서이다.

innovation, Korea, politics

Bricks and Management Education

I started using bricks in my design workshop program. This means that I need actual bricks of different kinds as a part of my program. Since I deliver this program in different places, I often need to ask local hosts to buy these bricks for the session. This is a picture sent by an individual who is helping us for a program that I will deliver next week in Florida.

innovation, teaching

Steve Jobs and the end of Professional Society

Steve Jobs passed away yesterday. There are so many postings and articles on the internet, remembering him and his legacy. In this economy where many wealthy people are being criticized for their outsized greed, no one seems to be bothered by his outsized wealth. Even protestors at Wall Street are busy twitting and posting on their Facebook using iPhone that Steve created, instead of criticizing Apple for its endless pursue of profit. (As a side note, this makes me also wonder if Facebook and Twitter would have been this successful without iPhone).

Of course, his greatest legacy is those insanely great i-products that he so much enjoyed introducing to the world, and the company Apple that designed and produced those products. However, Steve Jobs should be remembered as a person who personified the end of the Professional Society and the beginning of the Post Professional Society.

Ever since the industrial revolution, particularly during the 20th century, organizations have become bigger and more complex than ever. As a result the society has become increasingly professionalized. Instead of doing many different things, each of us are expected to perform fewer tasks but well. As a result, people rush to professional schools to get profession education and professional degrees. American-style business school and MBA degree was born out such professionalization of the society. Peter Drucker called the 20th century a "Professional Society."

Steve Jobs, however, did not get any professional education on management, software engineering, design or computer science. In many ways, computers were his hobby. He was completely obsessed with his hobby, and together with another computer hobbyist Steve Wozniak, he built a computer for non-professionals. To him, management, design, and technology -- all of these were just hobby. He was a Peter Pan who never grew up. He never had a 'real job'. The only thing he did in his whole life was doing what he wanted to do. The only person that mattered for him was himself. He built products to make him happy. To that end, he started a company and created all those products. To many professionals, his obsession, passion and confidence for his products was unbearable toxic arrogance. To Steve Jobs, professionals who brag about their professional backgrounds were just "fakes". Whenever Steve Jobs went on stage with his trademark jean, sneakers, and black turtleneck, he was mocking professional managers who, in their expensive suits, could only stiffly read off the scripts prepared by their staffs. To those professionals, the theatrical performance of Steve Jobs was nothing but an existential threat and inexplicable shocks.

Although Steve Jobs is now gone, the Post Professional Society that he started is only just beginning. I don't know what is going to happen to Apple. It may face the same fate that Microsoft faced -- another company that was founded by an amateur Bill Gates. Once professional manager, Steve Ballmer, took over the company, Microsoft lost its spirit of amateurism. It is too professional. Now, Apple has Tim Cook, another professional manager, at its CEO position. Under his leadership, Apple may become another professional organization. Or perhaps, the amateur spirit that Steve Jobs left in Apple might survive the temptation of professionalization. No matter what happens to Apple as a company, what is certain is that the future belongs to amateurs. No longer the future will be determined by those professionals who make boring PowerPoint presentations using the templates provided by Microsoft.

Of course, I can see how the current Korean government is busy setting up policies to produce 'professional amateurs' and many moms in affluent Kang-Nam area in Seoul are looking for expensive private tutors who can teach their sons and daughters how to become one of them.

"스티브 잡스와 전문가 사회의 종말"

스티브 잡스가 세상을 떠났다. 그를 칭송하고 그리워하는 수많은 글들이 인터넷에 뜬다. 요즘처럼 부자들이 욕먹는 세상에, 7조원이라는 엄청난 재산을 축척하고 세상을 떠난 그를 '욕심장이'라고 욕하는 사람들은 찾아볼 수 없다. 더러운 욕심의 상징이 되버린 월스트리을 점거하고 있는 시위자들 역시 애플이라고 하는 회사를 욕하기 보다는 오히려 애플이 만든 아이폰을 이용해서 페이스북과 트위터를 사용해서 자신들의 생각을 세상에 알리고 있다. (만일 아이폰이 없었다면 페이스 북과 트위터가 과연 지금 처럼 성공을 했을까 싶다.)

물론 스티브 잡스의 Legacy는 그가 만든 i-제품들과, 또한 그런 제품을 디자인하고 만들어낸 애플이라는 회사이다. 그러나, 스티브 잡스는 전문가 시대의 종말을 고하고 후기 전문가 시대(post-profession society)를 본격적으로 시작한 인물로 또한 기억되어져야 할 것이다.

산업화 혁명 이후, 특히 20세기에 들면서 기업의 조직들이 거대화되고 복잡화 되면서, 사회는 점차적으로 전문화 되었다. 기업의 모든 영역, 더 나아가서 삶의 모든 영역을 지배하는 것은 전문가 집단이었다. 그리고 그와 같은 전문가가 되기 위해서, 전문교육을 받고, 전문가로서의 스펙을 쌓아야만 했다. 이와 같은 20세기의 사회를 가르켜서 피터 드럭커는 전문가 시대라고 불렀다.

스티브잡스는 전문 경영학 교육도, 전문 디지안 교육도, 전문 소프트웨어 엔지니어링 교육도, 전문 컴퓨터 과학 교육도 받지 않았다. 그는 엄밀한 의미에서 컴퓨터는 그의 취미였다. 그는 철저한 아마츄어이다. 그리고 그는 그 취미에 미쳐서 동료인 스티브 워즈니악과 함께 자신이 원하는 컴퓨터를 만들었다. 경영도, 디자인도, 기술도 그에게는 모두 취미였다. 어떻게 보면, 그는 평생 자신의 취미만을 추구하는 피터팬이었다. 한번도 진정한 의미에서 직장을 가져 본 적이 없다. 그져 자기가 좋아하는 일을 했을 뿐이다. 그에게 있어서 중요한 사람은 오직 자신 한사람이었다. 자신이 정말로 가지고 싶은 기계를 만드는 것이 그의 관심의 촞점이었다. 그렇게 자신의 취미에 미쳐서 그것을 추구하다 보니, 애플이라고 하는 회사를 만들었고, 아이팟, 아이폰, 아이패드를 만들었다. 그러다보니, 전문적인 경영학 교육을 받은 다른 사람들에게 그의 열정과 집착은 마치 지나친 독선으로 보였다. 스티브 잡스가 세상에 보여준 것은 전문가적인 입장에서 정답만을 찾아서 성공하는 것의 한계점이다. 그에게 있어서 전문가라고 하는 간판을 걸고 거들먹 거리는 그저 흉내만 내는 "가짜"일 뿐이었다. 청바지에 운동화, 검은색 티셔츠를 입고 무대에 설적 마다, 그는 비싼 양복을 입고 남들이 적어준 발표문이나 읽어내는 다른 기업의 전문 경영자들 비웃고 있었다. 그 전문 경영자들에게 있어서 스티브 잡스가 만들어 내는 "reality distortion field"는 도저히 이해되지 않는 충격이고 존재론적인 위협이었다.

스티브 잡스로 시작된 후기 전문가 시대는 이제 막 시작되었을 뿐이다. 애플이라고 하는 회사의 미래가 어떻게 될 지는 나는 모르겠다. 또 다른 아마츄어 빌게이츠가 시작했던 마이크로 소프트가 전문 경영인이 스티브 발머를 맞이하면서 퇴색의 모습을 띄는 것 처럼, 애플 또한 탐 쿡이라는 전문 경영인이 맡으면서 아마츄어 정신을 잊어버리고 점점 전문화되어 버릴 수도 있을 것 이다. 아니면, 애플 구석 구석 스티브 잡스가 심어 놓은 아마츄어 정신이 그 회사의 미래를 끌고 나갈 수도 있을 것이다. 그러나확실한 것은 앞으로 미래의 주인은 아마츄어들이라는 것이다. 더 이상 많은 스펙을 가지고 비싼 양복을 입고 목에 힘주고 멋있는 파워 포인트 프레젠테이션을 하는 '전문가'들의 시대는 끝났다.

물론 요즘 한국 돌아가는 모습을 보면, 전문 아마츄어를 만드는 정책를 만드는 정부와 전문 아마츄어를 위한 과외를 찾는 극성 강남의 엄마들의 모습이 보이기는 하는 것 같다.

design, innovation, Steve Jobs

The vision of City as an Operating System

Last spring, we ran a design challenge for "North Broadband". The idea was to prototype a digital ecosystem that leverages various digital, physical, intellectual and financial resources that are already in place in North Philadelphia to transform the neighborhood. Ninety students in 15 teams, representing five schools and colleges participated in the challenge

The winning idea came from a team with the first-year full-time MBA students at Fox School. Their idea was to leverage digital infrastructure to transform local salons into edges of banking services for local neighbors. Here's how their idea works. During their research, they observed that there were more hair salons than bank offices in the neighbor. They also was told that one of the major challenges of local urban community is the lack of saving culture. Many families live from paycheck to paycheck, without having a bank account. When they receive a paycheck, they often use local payday loan services or other private financial services that charges a hefty service fee. At the same time, students noticed that there are many hair salons where many female members of the community visit on a regular basis (typically every other week).

Combining these two observations, they designed a powerful idea of "a hair salon as a bank office concept". By using broadband infrastructure and owner training (provided through the participating banks), a hair salon can serve as a bank branch where its customers can cash their paychecks and deposit money into their own bank account. In order to encourage saving behavior, the students proposed a "forced saving model" in which a fixed percentage of the price will be automatically saved into the customer's bank account. Therefore, the customers can not only cash their paychecks at a much affordable rate, each they make a visit to the hair salon to do their hair, they end up saving money into their bank account. Using a smart phone app, customers can watch their money growing, serving as a powerful incentive for them to continue to save. This is a win-win-win model. Customers get cheaper check-cashing service, do their hair and build their savings. Salon owners get a free customer relationship management system. Each customer's information will be saved and made available to the salon owners. They will also have locked-in customers. Finally, banks will expand their customer base and being able to penetrate the market that they were not able to access.

This is where the students idea ended. However, their idea serves as a powerful example of the vision of a digital city as a computing platform. Here, a local hair salon with a digital infrastructure can be conceptualized as a platform. The banking service is an app. And we can design other type of apps. Consider the following idea. Many of the salon customers have school-age children. What do their kids do while their moms are doing their hair? What if moms bring their kids to the salon? Temple University's Honors Program require students to serve the community at least 50 hours a semester and some of the students have hard time finding appropriate opportunities. What if we have a set of apps that allow parents to sign up for free tutoring sessions for their kids while they are at the hair salon and another app where Temple students can sign up for tutoring opportunity by indicating subjects and availability? That is another app that can be plugged into the city as an operating system.

We can continue to expand this idea in the domain of public health. Already the idea of using barber shops and hair salons as the community outreach centers for public health education programs. Again, we can use digital tools to provide necessary information and contents to shop owners (all HIPPA compliant). So, that is yet another app.

The idea of a city as an operating system is not just a conceptual idea. It needs to be technically implemented as well. The communication network bandwidth has now exceeded some of the old data bus speed. For example, USB 2.0 transmits data 480 mbps, about half of the speed of gigabit ethernet. We can literally architect an operating system by connecting buildings, sensors, and cars. In order turn a city as operating system where others can build apps, we need to design APIs and SDKs. Again, these are not just idea and metaphors. They need to be actual APIs and SDKs. By doing so, we can build an open, vibrant ecosystem, as opposed to vendor-centric closed system.

There are many digital city initiatives led by many vendors. What we need is a version of an internet for the city -- perhaps we can call it "Urbanet". Following the same principles that were used for the design of the Internet, one can begin to sketch out a new infrastructure that connects physical buildings, spaces and objects with digital worlds.

digital transformation, innovation

What will happen with $300 handset in 2040

Masayoshi Son, CEO of Softbank and Yahoo! Japan, has an interesting way of thinking about how the future will look different in about 30 years from now. With an average mobile device that costs $300, he says, we can now store 6400 songs, 4 years worth of news and 4 hours of movie. By 2040, he expects that those numbers will change to: 500 billion songs, 300 million years worth of news, and 30,000 years of movie. Although I am not sure where he got these numbers, one can easily project such staggering numbers by just extrapolating the past trend. The question is, what are you going to with all these storage space.

Another thought: About a year ago, I told folks at Samsung Electronics that one potential game changer for their mobile devices might be a radical increase of the storage capacity by an order of magnitude. Not just double or triple the size, compared to iPhone; 10 times more or 100 times more memory, making essentially people forget about memory all together when they use mobile devices. Given Samsung is the world's largest flash memory manufacturer, Samsung probably has the biggest cost advantage in pursuing such a strategy.

innovation

Fox DESIGNWeek 2011

I am thrilled to announce that we will have Fox DESIGNWeek 2011 from March 11 - 18. The event has two components: North Broadband Challenge and incitexchange.

North Broadband Challenge

+ How can we use increasingly pervasive digital technology to re-imagine the future of the city?
+ Can we use digital technologies to inspire, mobilize, and create social, economic, cultural, political, and intellectual connections to solve the complex challenges that cities face today?
+ Can we build a sustainable open platform that encourages and supports a vibrant ecosystem of neighbors, entrepreneurs and communities?

Modern American cities that were built on physical infrastructure almost a century ago now face historic challenges of embracing digital infrastructure to re-invent the meaning of “urban life”. The city of Philadelphia represents post-industrial American cities facing this challenge. The Nutter Administration is particularly interested in how the City can work together with local institutions like Temple University to instigate sustainable economic and community development to transform neighborhoods.

Temple University has three campuses - Center City, Main Campus and Health Sciences - on Broad Street, Philadelphia’s main North-South artery. Each individual campus offers substantial physical, technological and intellectual resources that can be used to enrich neighboring areas.

The design challenge is to leverage Temple’s campuses and other existing technology assets along North Broad Street and the surrounding area to prototype a digital ecosystem. We envision North Broadband as a vibrant, generative, and entrepreneurial ecosystem where citizens, business and government can develop new products and services to meet various needs in our city by inspiring and mobilizing our collective efforts through the use of digital technology. The design should be environmentally responsible, economically sustainable, and humanly satisfying. The solution must be replicable and scalable, as it serves as a prototype for larger initiatives.

incitexchange

We will conclude the DESIGNWeek 2011 with incitexchange - an annual conference organized by the Center for Design+Innovation at the Fox School of Business, Temple University. Each year, a roster of international leaders in the fields of design, innovation, management and technology gather in Philadelphia to exchange ideas about their work, their thoughts and observations. A series of rapid-fire short individual presentations, coordinated dialogues and moderated panel discussions combine to encourage participants to talk, share and spontaneously collaborate. Hosted in the state-of-the-art facilities of the Fox School of Business’ Alter Hall, incitexchange builds upon the Fox School’s groundbreaking initiatives to integrate a design perspective into the culture of management education. As the first major business school to integrate design into its required all MBA programs, this conference reflects the goals to break down barriers and cross boundaries to generate innovative ideas.

The theme of incitexchange 2011 is "Boundaries: Re-imagined, Re-shaped, and Re-defined". Our world is divided by boundaries between disciplines, entities and ideologies. Boundaries between Art and Science, Government and its Citizens, and Business and Consumers. Breaching these boundaries is where real change occurs. This year, we will explore a range of ideas from the emerging possibilities for technology to redefine urban experiences to the way a design perspective is reshaping management education. Join us to share ideas with industry leaders, web renegade activists, designer advocates, political leaders, foodies, and discipline-crossing academics and researchers.

Come and join us!

design, innovation, announcement, cD+i, inciteXchange

Digital city as a generative platform for urban innovation

Couple days ago, I gave a talk at the 2010 Mayors' Technology Summit. After the talk, several participants asked me to share my slides. Given the way I use my slides, I felt that just sending out slides wouldn't be that useful. Instead, I decided to post the whole talk in text here after the break.

Mayors summit 2010

View more presentations from Youngjin Yoo.

Discovery of Service-Dominant Logic

I was at Cambridge to participate in FMM 2010 (the Forum on Market and Marketing). Of course, I am not a marketing person and I never thought about being a marketing person. When I was asked to come to the workshop about a year ago, I did not think much of it. I just thought that this would be another venue where I can ramble about the importance of digital innovation and how we should think differently about products and organizations. I thought I would tweak my standard talk on digital innovation to link to the idea of "market convergence."

Boy, was I wrong and what a difference a couple days of intense intellectual discussions can make! Right from the beginning, I was completely surprised by the broad introduction of Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) by Steve Vargo. There were so many interesting and deeply thoughtful ideas that I cannot do justice by summarizing on this blog. But I saw so many connections between SDL and many threads of ideas that I have been struggling with, particularly the idea of design and increasingly problematic nature of products. SD logic can be best explained against Good-Dominant Logic (GDL). In GDL, goods are the central output of the firm's activities and they are put together and then thrown over the wall so to speak to be consumed by consumers. To the contrary, in SDL, goods are conduits of services that are sold, integrated and appropriated by customers. Therefore, unlike GDL that assumes the value is inherently embedded in physical goods, SDL sees that value is co-created at the moment when the service is appropriated by the customer. GDL is noun-centric where as SDL is verb-centric. GDL focuses on the foreground, while SDL sees the value in the background or the contexts.

An important point that connects SDL, design and digital innovation is the fluidity of the meanings of products. Design as an inquiry method provides many practical and theoretical tools to deal with the fluidity of meanings. Digital innovation provides a theoretical basis why the separation of service and products take place. In fact, in my digital innovation paper, I argue that one of the key consequences of digital innovation is the separation of physical device and service layers. I am glad that we used the term service (as we could have used other terms like applications). SDL on the other provides a broader view that connects different activities that takes place throughout the value network.

What is most interesting is that in a larger historical context, service exchange was a more natural and dominant form of economic activities before the industrialization. This idea of mass producing and distributing physical products was an outcome of industrialization, and GDL was a key logic that enabled much of economic activities during that era. What is becoming increasingly clear to me is that the era of single GDL logic is coming to an end, if it has not yet ended. We will look back the last 120 years of modern industrialization as a historical hiccup as we as a society continues to struggle to free ourselves from the tyranny of things. Of course, industrialization as I understand it came in a wave of decoupling of economic and social activities, which Giddens would might call time-space distanciation. First, we saw the separation of production and consumption (which Adam Smith observed). Next came the separation of labor and production (through automation, as Karl Marx observed). Then came the separation of management and production (this is by and large what Alexander Chandler observed). Most recently, we saw the separation of finance from production. Each process of separation was deliberately pursued to bring new leverage as a way of maximizing the utilization of given resources. Yet at the same time, they brought increasing complexity, uneven distributions of return and risks, separation of knowledge and materiality and inability to handle unexpected changes. What design, digital innovation, and SDL collectively represent is an intellectual efforts to recognize and respond to the unsustainable trend that was caused by these series of separations, without completely distancing ourselves from the unprecedented benefits that these separations brought to our society. This perhaps is the next grand challenge in social science.

Presentation at AcademyHills @ Roppongi Hills

During my stay in Japan, I gave a talk at AcademyHIlls located in Roppongi Hills.

View more presentations from Youngjin Yoo.

Consumption and Production

Bradley Bloch wrote a post on Huffington Post that the proliferation of non-professional media production increased non-productive consumption of media. He uses an example of a popular YouTube video, 'Charlie Bit Me'. Here is what he wrote:

One of the most popular videos on YouTube, "Charlie bit my finger--again!" depicting a boy sticking his fingers in his little brother's mouth, has been viewed 211 million times. Something that took 56 seconds to create--and which was only intended to be seen by the boys' godfather--has sucked up the equivalent of 1600 people working 40 hours a week for a year. Now that's leverage.

What he did not note is how many different forms of re-creation took place after 'Charlie bit me' video. According to my count, since it was first posted, this short 56-second video inspired more than 5,700 different types of re-mix. Some are simple re-enactment of the same sequence; others are more creative by doing animations, different characters and so on. Some took a completely different forms of expression, such as hip hop dance music. Below is a collection of those re-mix of 'Charlie bit Me' that I use in my presentations to illustrate the generative and unbounded nature of digital innovations.

What Bloch and others like him seem to often fail to note is that the bigger picture of social change is not that we are becoming more stupid due to the digital media consumption, but that the traditional boundary of professional producers and consumers are breaking down.